Sustainable development must be based on multiple components and cooperation from all parties, one of which is the most relevant and effective legal rules and policies. Currently, non-tariff trade measures (NTMs) are trending upward, which has had a major impact on the issuance of management policies and has created trade tensions at another level. In addition, NTMs play an important role to drive sustainable development, due to the fact that the costs associated with trade are expected to be more than double the cost of taxes. As a result of that NTMs raise concerns for commercial operators and trade policymakers to ensure that trade policies are compatible with implementation plans for sustainable development by 2030.

CONTENTS

Page

Foreword............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. iii

Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................................................................................................v

Abbreviations and acronyms ............................................................................................................................................................................................. xi

Executive summary ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................xiii

Introduction The rise of non-tariff measures .......................................................................................................................................................................3

What are non-tariff measures? ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

Non-tariff measures in Asia and the Pacific region ............................................................................................................................................................. 8

C. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13

References......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14

Chapter 1. Why non-tariff measures matter for sustainable development ..........................................................................................................................17

A. Direct effects .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 20

B. Indirect effects and non-tariff measures that have no direct links to the Sustainable Development Goals ................................................................... 30

C. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32

References.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 33

Chapter 2. Evaluating the impact of non-tariff measures on trade and investment in Asia and the Pacific.........................................................................37

A. Effects of non-tariff measures on trade .......................................................................................................................................................................... 38

B. Non-tariff measures and foreign direct investment ...........................................................................................................................................,..............47

C. Non-tariff measures: a private sector perspective .......................................................................................................................................................... 52

D. Conclusion …………....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 57

References........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 58

Chapter 3. Non-tariff measures and their relationship to international standards................................................................................................................ 61

A. International standards in trade ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 63

B. Analysing international standards and stylized facts ………………………………………......................................................................……………........ 64

C. Assessing over-regulation, under-regulation and overall “regulatory distance” between international standards and national legislation .................... 67

Assessing regulatory stringency between international standards and national legislation ............................................................................................... 71

E. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 76

References.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 77

Chapter 4. Streamlining non-tariff measures for sustainable benefits ............................................................................................................................... 79

A. Streamlining non-tariff measures at the domestic level to lower trade costs ................................................................................................................ 80

B. Trade facilitation as the key to reducing the cost of non-tariff measures ...................................................................................................................... 81

C. Regional efforts to coordinate and streamline non-tariff measures can accomplish more............................................................................................ 87

D. Looking forward and emerging issues .......................................................................................................................................................................... 95

References....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 100

Conclusion........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 103

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